Abstract The present paper evaluated the potential application of the functionally graded material (FGM) concept to develop more durable concrete to carbonation, one of the main degradation mechanisms of reinforced concrete structures. Accelerated carbonation tests with controlled temperature (27 ( 2°C), CO2 concentration (3 ( 0.5%) and humidity (65 ( 5%) were carried out in homogeneous concretes and with functional gradation in which the porosity of the material was varied across the slices. For the manufacture of graded concrete specimens, concretes with water/cement ratios equal to 0.35, 0.45, and 0.55 were produced, with lower porosity (w/c = 0.35) close to the surface of the specimen. The advance of the carbonation front was evaluated after 8, 9, 10, 14, and 24 weeks of accelerated exposure, using the chemical indicator phenolphthalein. The results show that the functionally graded concrete had a carbonation coefficient (K) slightly higher than that of the concrete with a w/c ratio equal to 0.35 (1.71 and 1.54 mm.week-0.5, respectively) and much lower than concrete with water-cement ratio equal to 0.45 (2.31 mm.week-0.5) and 0.55 (3.78 mm.week-0.5). This demonstrates that functional grading can be an efficient method to increase the durability of concrete elements subject to carbonation.

Resumo O presente artigo avalia o potencial de aplicação do conceito de material com gradação funcional (MGF) ao desenvolvimento de concretos mais duráveis frente à carbonatação, um dos principais mecanismos de degradação das estruturas de concreto armado. Ensaios acelerados de carbonatação com temperatura (27 ( 2 °C), concentração de CO 2 (3 ( 0,5%) e umidade (65 ( 5%) controladas foram realizados em concretos homogêneos e com gradação funcional em que a porosidade do material foi variada ao longo dos corpos de prova. Para a confecção dos corpos de prova de concreto com gradação funcional foram utilizados concretos com relações água/cimento iguais a 0,35, 0,45 e 0,55 de forma que tivéssemos uma redução de porosidade à medida que nos aproximássemos da superfície da peça. O avanço da frente de carbonatação foi avaliado após 8, 9, 10, 14 e 24 semanas de exposição acelerada, empregando-se o indicador químico fenolftaleína. A partir dos resultados obtidos observou-se que os concretos com gradação funcional apresentaram coeficiente de carbonatação (K) ligeiramente superior ao do concreto com relação a/c igual a 0,35 (1,71 e 1,54 mm.semana -0,5 , respectivamente) e bastante inferior aos concretos com relação água cimento iguais a 0,45 (2,31 mm.semana -0,5 ) e 0,55 (3,78 mm.semana -0,5 ), evidenciando que a gradação funcional pode ser um método eficiente para proporcionar o aumento da durabilidade de elementos de concreto sujeitos à carbonatação.

Abstract Sisal (Agave sisalana) is a plant exploited in semi-arid regions of Brazil for fiber production, but the floral scape of sisal (peduncle) is collected and often burned, causing environmental problems, even through irregular disposal. To circumvent this scenario, the objective of this work was to produce reconstituted panels using the sisal arrow and castor-based polyurethane resin. The panels were obtained using 175 g of crushed sisal arrow core with dimensions smaller than 2 mm and adopting 10% castor-based polyurethane resin and The samples were pressed under tension of 2 MPa. The properties of reconstituted panel were evaluated through NBR 14810-1 (ABNT, 2013) and NBR 14810-2 (ABNT, 2018), the physical properties were investigated: moisture, density, thickness swelling and absorption; as well as mechanical properties: MOR, MOE, internal bond and parallel compression. The found results show that the panel is classified as low density (419.8 kg/m³), and with physical and mechanical properties similars to other panels of the same classification in the literature. For average values of MOR and MOE it was found 5.24 MPa and 147.49 MPa, respectively. For internal bonding it was found 0.14 MPa and for parallel compression properties it was found 1.14 MPa.

Resumo O sisal (Agave sisalana) é uma planta explorada nas regiões semiáridas do Brasil para produção de fibras, mas o escapo floral do sisal (flecha) é coletado e frequentemente queimado causando problemas ambientais, até mesmo pelo descarte irregular. Para contornar este cenário, o objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir painéis reconstituídos usando a flecha do sisal e resina poliuretana à base de mamona. Os painéis foram obtidos empregando 175 g do miolo da flecha de sisal triturada com dimensões inferiores a 2 mm e adotando 10% de resina poliuretana à base de mamona e as amostras foram prensadas com tensão de 2 MPa. Avaliou-se no painel reconstituído, através da NBR 14810-1 (ABNT, 2013) e NBR 14810-2 (ABNT, 2018) as propriedades físicas: umidade, densidade, inchamento e absorção; bem como as propriedades mecânicas: MOR, MOE, força de ligação e compressão paralela. Os resultados encontrados mostram que o painel é classificado como de baixa densidade (419,8 kg/m³), e de propriedades físicas e mecânicas semelhantes a outros painéis de mesma classificação da literatura. Para MOR e MOE foram encontrados 5,24 MPa e 147,49 MPa de média, respectivamente. Já os ensaios de tração perpendicular e compressão paralela obtiveram resultados de 0,14 MPa e 1,14 MPa, respectivamente.

This paper evaluates the effect of adding glycerol to the electrodeposition bath on the deposition efficiency and characteristics of Ni-Mo coating in concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 0.82 mol.L-1. Evaluation of the corrosion resistance was performed by means of weight loss tests in four different periods of immersion. Electrochemical techniques, such as obtaining polarization curves, linear polarization resistance, corrosion current density, corrosion potential, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were applied. Corrosion measurements were obtained in 0.5 mol.L-1 NaCl acid solution and 0.5 mol.L-1 NaOH alkaline solution. The morphology and microstructures of electrodeposited were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Spectrometry X-Ray Diffraction. The effect of glycerol on Ni-Mo hardness was evaluated by Vickers microhardness measurements. The presence of glycerol in the electrodeposition bath increased the grain size and decreased the hardness of the coating. However, it promoted the formation of a more compact and less porous coating, increasing the corrosion resistance of the coating. Moreover, the addition of 0.82 mol.L-1 glycerol increases current efficiency, thereby reducing the amount of energy consumed during electroplating.

Resumo O presente estudo avalia a utilização de finos de rocha granítica (FRG) em argamassas autoadensáveis, visando obter características reológicas adequadas sem incorporar aditivos modificadores de viscosidade. Para isso, realizaram-se ensaios de mini funil-V e mini-slump test e ensaios de caracterização físico-mecânica em argamassas de referência (sem FRG) e com teores de substituição de FRG iguais a 5%, 15% e 25% em relação ao volume de cimento. Avaliou-se a hidratação das pastas que compõem essas argamassas, por meio da técnica de calorimetria isotérmica. Posteriormente, foi analisada a porosidade teórica das pastas, por meio do ensaio de compacidade, visando obter o espaçamento entre partículas (IPS) das pastas. Ao incorporar FRG, a viscosidade da argamassa foi ajustada, com o aumento do tempo de escoamento em até 4,3 s, reduzindo-se o consumo de cimento em até 12% e, consequentemente, a liberação de calor durante a hidratação. Ademais, concluiu-se que a incorporação de FRG reduz a porosidade das argamassas em até 17,63% e aumenta a resistência à compressão em cerca de 11% como consequência da adição de 15% de FRG. No entanto, pelo fato de reduzir a distância entre as partículas da pasta, aumentou-se o consumo de teor de aditivo superplastificante para alcançar o espalhamento ideal.

Abstract The present study evaluates the use of granite rock fines (GRF) in self-compacting mortars, aiming to obtain adequate rheological characteristics without incorporating viscosity modifying additives. For this, mini Funnel-V, mini Slump Test and physical-mechanical characterization tests were carried out on reference mortars (without GRF) and with GRF substitution levels equal to 5%, 15% and 25%, to cement’s volume. The hydration of the pastes of these mortars was also evaluated using the isothermal calorimetry technique. Subsequently, the theoretical porosity of the pastes was analyzed through the compactness test, in order to obtain the interparticle spacing (IPS) of these pastes. When incorporating GRF, the viscosity of the mortar was adjusted, increasing the flow time by up to 4.3 sec, reducing cement consumption by up to 12% and, consequently, the release of heat during hydration. Furthermore, it was concluded that the incorporation of GRF reduces the porosity of mortars by up to 17.63% and increases the compressive strength by about 11% as a result of the addition of 15% FRG. However, due to the fact that the distance between the particles of the paste is reduced, the consumption of superplasticizer additive content has been increased to achieve the ideal spreading.

Magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) are formed when an aqueous solution of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP, NH4H2PO4) and magnesium oxide (MgO) react in the presence of other aggregates for filling or reinforcement (e.g., fibers, waste, and sand). Therefore, understanding how the MgO/ADP ratio influences phase formation to produce cementitious matrices with better performance is essential. MgO dissolved in an acid solution undergoes numerous transformations because of which different opinions exist regarding the mechanisms by which the setting reactions and formation of hydrated phases occurs in MPCs. In this study, the effect of different MgO/ADP ratios on the properties of MPCs was evaluated regarding phase formation using X-ray diffraction, setting time, and pore size distribution. Increased ADP concentration was found to increase the concentration of hydrated phases, however, this increases the pore content while decreasing the apparent density of MPCs. Compared with compositions with lower MgO/ADP ratios, the composition with the highest MgO/ADP ratio required higher setting time due to the lower concentration of hydrated phases.

Zinc electrodeposition is an economical process of Zn coating compared to conventional galvanic process. The galvanizing process is used in various industrial sectors to protect ferrous alloys during the corrosion process. In buildings, the galvanizing process is widely used to coat mortar protective screens. The electrodeposition of zinc has a relatively low cost compared to other coating materials for the same purpose; however, its corrosion resistance is lower than that of most protective deposits. This study evaluated the effect of adding glycerol to the electrodeposition bath on the corrosion resistance, deposition efficiency, morphology and microstructure of the zinc electrodeposit in concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 0.82 M. The electrodeposition was performed on carbon steel AISI 1020 with a current density of 10 mA.cm-2. The electroplating solution composition was 0.10 M ZnCl2, 2.80 M KCl and 0.32 M H3BO3. Electrodeposition time was 17.56 min, 5 µm thick coating, equivalent to the mass of 7.166E-3 g of zinc on the steel surface. Evaluation of the corrosion resistance was performed by means of the electrochemical tests of Anodic Voltammetry, Potentiodynamic Polarization and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) as well as Weight Loss tests in NaCl 0.5 M in 4 (four) different period of immersion. The morphology and microstructures of electrodeposited were analyzed using the techniques of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Spectrometry X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The presence of glycerol in the electrodeposition bath decreased the deposition efficiency; however, it increased corrosion resistance and promoted the formation of more compact and refined electrodeposited coatings. Moreover, the results showed that the corrosion rate does not vary linearly with the addition of glycerol.

Resumo De acordo com o Balanço Energético Nacional (ano-base 2013), o consumo nacional de lenha foi de 79,29 milhões de toneladas. Estima-se uma geração de cinza na ordem de 3% durante esse processo, o que ocasiona problemas de armazenamento e de descarte. Sendo assim, a potencial transformação desses resíduos em matéria-prima para elementos construtivos apresenta-se como uma oportunidade para a preservação do meio ambiente e para a redução do custo de materiais da construção civil. O presente trabalho objetiva, portanto, avaliar a viabilidade desse reaproveitamento por meio da análise das propriedades das argamassas no estado fresco, incluindo a reologia, além da reatividade potencial (RAA), utilizando cinza proveniente da queima de cavacos de eucalipto com teores de 10%, 20% e 30% de substituição, em massa, ao cimento Portland. Através dos ensaios realizados verificou-se que a utilização da cinza de eucalipto como substituição parcial ao cimento não altera significativamente as propriedades de argamassas no estado fresco e não apresenta reatividade significativa, apresentando-se como uma alternativa de uso tecnicamente viável.

Abstract According to the National Energy Balance (base year 2013), the national wood consumption was 79.29 million tons. It is estimated an ash generation in the order of 3% during this process, causing storage and disposal problems. Thus, the potential transformation of such waste into a source of raw material for construction elements is presented as an opportunity for the preservation of the environment and to reduce the cost of construction materials. The paper aims, therefore, to evaluate the feasibility of this reuse, through analyses of the properties of mortars in the fresh state, including rheology, using eucalyptus ash levels with 10%, 20% and 30% replacement, in weight, to Portland cement. Through the performed experiments it was found that the use of eucalyptus ash as partial replacement of cement does not significantly alter the properties of fresh mortars, presenting itself as a possible alternative.

The growing concern with environmental issues in tanneries and the search for a technological solution to their wastes are evaluated in this study. The leather shaving was chemically treated aiming the immobilization of the chromium ion on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) matrix. Cementitious mortars were obtained by adding different proportions of waste treated solutions (5 and 10% compared to the cement mass) and after 28 days, the samples were evaluated in relation to their physical properties, axial compressive strength and, for the most promising compositions, microstructural characterization analyses tests were realized. Results showed that the alternatives used for the pretreatment were effective for the leather shaving dissolution; but the results analysis describes little change in pH values when the treated waste is added in three different media. The best axial compressive strength after 28 days age were obtained by addition of diluted phosphoric acid solution at low concentration, although this addition minimize the Portlandite formation and favor the calcium phosphate formation.